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突破英语的核心(下):句子结构

4、长难句的剖析与突破

还是举《中国人的精神》中的两句话。辜鸿铭谈到古代纳妾的问题,先看一个比较简单的句子:

I know of many cases where having no children the husband after middle age wanted to take a concubine, but because the wife refused to give her consent, desisted.

(提示:concubine:妾 desist:停止、断念

你能马上找到句子的主干并迅速理解句意吗?(不用精确区分复杂的句子成分)

1)I know of many cases...这是整句的主句,但它后面where引导的从句才是真正的主要内容,所以我们暂时不考虑它,只看后面的部分;

2)显然,having no children 是一个修饰成分,我们直接看后面的主语 the husband,而 after middle age 也是修饰成分,所以 wanted to...是谓语部分;

3)but引导的后半句中首先出现 because 引导从句,省掉不看,直接找到最后一个单词 desisted,它就是后半句话的谓语;

4)句子关键部分的主干:The husband wanted to take a concubine, but desisted.

5)几个修饰成分:

having no children(没有孩子)

after middle age (过了中年)

because the wife refused to give her consent (因为妻子不同意)

6)把整个句子合起来理解,大意是:

我知道很多这样的情况(或:案例):丈夫已过中年还没有子嗣于是想纳妾,但得不到妻子的应允,只好作罢。

(这是我自己的初译,没有仔细考虑,仅供参考。

下面看一个比较复杂的句子,还是继续刚才的话题:

I know even of a case where the husband, because he did not want to exact this mark of selflessness from his wife who was sick and in bad health, refused, when urged by the wife, to take a concubine, but the wife, without his knowledge and consent, not only bought a concubine, but actually forced him to take the concubine into the house.

1)还是先把 I know even of a case where...放一下,最后处理;

2)锁定从句中的主语 the husband,跳过整个 because......部分(注意:要迅速发现它前后的逗号,一定要对这个标志十分敏感),找到谓语 refused;

3)后面的 when urged by the wife 又是一个修饰成分,只记信息,不参与句子主干的理解,所以完整的谓语部分是 refused to take a concubine;

4)but 引导的后半句中, the wife 是明显的主语,后面的 without his knowledge and consent 是一个修饰成分,只理解,不考虑;

5)not only.....but (also) 是一个大家很熟悉的句型,但隐藏在这个复杂长句中, but 不能理解为“但是”,整个句子仍是“不但/而且”组合,主要的谓语是 bought 和 forced;

6)整个句子核心部分的主干是:

The husband refused to take a concubine, but the wife not only bought a concubine, but (also) forced him to take the concubine into the house.

7)再加上各个插入和修饰的成分,整句应该不难理解。

如果大家有兴趣,可以试着把整句话翻译出来供学习交流使用。


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